• Avanti

One of the four great monarchies in the time of the Buddha, the other three being Magadha, Kosala and Vamsa (or Vatsa).

Avanti is also mentioned among the sixteen Mahājanapadā (A.i.213; iv.252, 256, 260).

Its capital was Ujjenī. But according to another account (D.ii.235), Māhissati is mentioned as having been, at least for some time, the capital of Avanti. It is quite likely that ancient Avanti was divided into two parts, the northern part having its capital at Ujjenī and the southern part (also called Avanti Dakkhināpatha) at Māhissati (Māhismatī) (Bhandarkar: Carmichael Lectures (1918), p.54). This theory is supported by the fact that in the Mahābhārata (ii.31, 10), Avanti and Māhismatī are referred to as two different countries.

In the Buddha's time, the King of Avanti was Pajjota, a man of violent temper (Vin.i.277), and therefore known as Canda Pajjota. He wished to conquer the neighbouring kingdom of Kosambī, of which Udena was king, but his plans did not work out as he had anticipated. Instead, his daughter Vāsuladattā became Udena's wife and the two countries continued to be on friendly terms. The romantic story of this marriage is given in DhA.i.191ff. For a summary see Vāsuladattā.

The kingdom of Assaka is invariably mentioned in connection with Avanti. Even in the Buddha's life-time, Avanti became a centre of Buddhism. Among eminent monks and nuns who were either born or resided there, are to be found

• Mahā Kaccāna
• Nanda Kumāraputta
• Sona Kutikanna
• Dhammapāla
• Abhayarājakumāra
• Isidatta and Isidāsī

It is said that when Pajjota heard of the Buddha's advent to the world, he sent his chaplain's son, Kaccāna, with seven others, to invite him to Avanti.

Having listened to the Buddha's teaching, the messengers became arahants, and when Kaccāna conveyed to the Buddha the king's invitation to Avanti, he was asked by the Buddha to return and represent him. Kaccāna returned to Avanti and converted Pajjota to the faith of the Buddha (ThagA.ii.485). Henceforward Mahā Kaccāna seems to have spent a good deal of his time in Avanti, dwelling in the city of Kuraraghara in the Papāta Pabbata (S.iii.9, 12; iv.115-16; A.v.46; also UdA.307).

The religion thus introduced, however, does not seem to have spread to any extent until much later; for we find Mahā Kaccāna experiencing great difficulty in collecting ten monks, in order that Sona Kutikanna might receive the higher Ordination; in fact it was not until three years had elapsed that he succeeded (Vin.i.195). Later, when Sona Kutikanna visited the Buddha at Sāvatthi, he conveyed to the Buddha Mahā Kaccāna's request that special rules might be laid down for the convenience of the monks of Avanti Dakkhināpatha and of, other border countries (Vin.i.197-8). The Buddha agreed, and among the rules so laid down were the following:

• (1) The higher Ordination could be given with only four monks and a Vinayadhara.
• (2) Monks are allowed the use of shoes with thick linings (because in Avanti the soil is black on the surface, rough and trampled by cattle).
• (3) Monks are enjoined to bathe frequently (the men of Avanti attaching great importance to bathing).
• (4) Sheepskins, goatskins, etc., could be used as coverlets.
• (5) Robes could be accepted on behalf of a monk who has left the district, and the ten days' rule with regard to such a gift will not begin until the robes have actually reached the monk's hands (Cp. the first nissaggiya rule, Vin.iii.195-6) (this, evidently, because of difficulty of access).

By the time of the Vesāli Council, however, Avanti had become one of the important centres of the orthodox school, for we find Yasa Kākandakaputta sending messengers to Avanti to call representatives to the Council, and we are told that eighty-eight arahants obeyed the summons (Vin.ii.298-9).

Among other localities in Avanti (besides those mentioned above) were Ghanaselapabbata, Makkarakata and Velugāma, and, in Jaina works, we find mention also of Sudarsanapura Law: Ksatriya Tribes, p.148).

Even in the Buddha's day there were rumours of the King of Avanti making preparations to attack Magadha, but we are not told that he ever did so (E.g.,M.iii.7). Subsequently, however, before the time of Candagupta, Avanti became incorporated with Magadha. Before Asoka became King of Magadha he was the Magadha Viceroy of Avanti and ruled in Ujjeni, and it was in Ujjeni that Mahinda and Sanghamittā were born and grew up (Mhv.Xiii.8ff). But the country seems to have retained its name at least as late as the second century A.D., as may be seen from Rudradāman's Inscription at Junagadh (Buddhist India, p.28).

Avanti is now identified with the country north of the Vindhaya Mountains and north-east of Bombay, roughly corresponding to modern Mālwa, Nimār and adjoining parts of the Central Provinces Law: Geography of Early Buddhism, p.22).

In the Milindapañha (Trs.ii.250, n.1) Avanti is mentioned as one of the three mandalas or great divisions of Jambudīpa, the other two being Pācīna and Dakkhināpatha.

According to a late tradition recorded in the Buddhavamsa (Bu.xxviii.10), the Buddha's mat (nisīdana) and rug were deposited, after his death, in Avanti.

It has sometimes been suggested that Avanti was the home of modern Pāli (E.g.,in Bud. India, pp.153-4). It has further been suggested that the Avanti school of monks - founded by Mahā Kaccāna, who was considered the greatest analytical exponent of the Buddha's time - living in comparative isolation (as seen above) on account of difficulty of access (Avanti, however, lay on the road taken by Bāvari's ten disciples on their way from Patitthāna to Sāvatthi), and laying special stress on dhutavāda practices (Vin.ii.299) - developed branches of knowledge dealing mainly with grammar and doctrinal interpretation by ways of exegetical analysis. The Pāli grammar ascribed to Kaccāyana and the Netti-ppakarana were both works of this school. For a discussion of this see PLC.181ff

Avanti was one of the parts into which the earth was divided by King Renu, with the help of his Great Steward, Mahā-Govinda. The King of Avanti at the time was Vessabhū and his capital Māhissati. D.ii.235-6.

2. Avanti.King of Ujjeni in a past age. During his reign the Bodhisatta was born, under the name of Citta, in a Candāla village outside Ujjeni. His story is related in the Citta-Sambhūta Jātaka. J. iv.390ff.