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One of the purgatories. It is next to
the Mahā Niraya, and is the habitation of needle-mouthed creatures who rip away
the skin, flesh, tendons, etc., of the victim and then devour his marrow
(M.iii.185; J. vi.8; SnA.ii.481).
Those who insult their parents are born
in this purgatory. DhA.iv.34.

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